Sea Water Injection System

Sea Water Injection System In order to improve the oil recovery in an oil field the injection of sea water is used to increase the pressure inside the reservoir and enhance the oil production. The graph given in Figure 1 is a typical seawater injection system, before the injection process, water must have a treatment to decrease the corrosion rate caused by seawater in pipe lines, surface and downhole injection equipments. The treatment is based in a mechanical de-aeration process and chemical scavenger injection to decrease the concentration of oxygen in seawater. Figure 1. Seawater Injection System In a normal operation of the seawater injection system the conditions of the process are 150,000 barrels per day, pipe diameter of 8 inches at 25  °C, however in terms of corrosion parameters the data is provided in table 1, this table shows that the mechanical deaeration process reduce the most quantity of Oxygen concentration in seawater. Table 1. Concentration of Oxygen in normal operation Concentration of O2 in different Units PPB mg/l mole/m3 Feed Seawater 7,000 7 0.22 After mechanical de-aeration process 100 0.1 0.003 After scavenger dosage 10 0.01 0.0003 With the data provided, the corrosion rate in normal operation condition is 0.0454mm/year (the calculation step by step including unit conversion are shown in the appendix) hence the corrosion rate is far less than the company acceptable value which is 0.1 mm/year, and it means that the system is working properly. It has been found that the mechanical de-aeration equipment requires repair, and it will be out of operation for between one and three months. Water system Injection without a mechanical de-aeration process: Calculating the limit current density with the following equation: Concentration of Oxygen only with the addition of Scavenger dosing = 6.910 ppm K is the mass transfer coefficient and it calculations and unit conversions are shown in the appendix. Calculating the Corrosion Rate: Assuming the main component of the pipe Iron therefore n= 2 M= 55.84 g/mol Density: 7.87 g/cm3 Now we can compare the corrosion rate of each case and determine the implications of operating the system without the mechanical de-aeration. Hence the corrosion rate will increase 502 times without the mechanical de-aeration. Based on this result it is obvious that the most important process for oxygen removal is the mechanical deareation. The company request the assessment in a technically and economically point of view three operational solutions during the repair of the mechanical de-aeration equipment. For the given acceptable corrosion rate less than 0.1 mm/year, a corrosion rate value of 0.09 mm/year was used to calculate the implications of the possible solutions. a. Decreasing the Flow Rate Assuming an acceptable corrosion Rate of 0.09 mm/year, From the equation above we can reach the Current density: With current density we can reach mass transfer coefficient k: Now we can reach the new Sh number: With Sh number we can obtain Re number: This value of Reynolds number means that we are in the transition regime between laminar flow and turbulent flow. Now we can reach the flow rate: From the technical point of view and based on the concepts of fluids mechanics, decreasing the flow volume to 260 barrels per day will generate a laminar flow (Re less than 3000) on the pipe, in other words it means that the velocity will not be in the required optimum range of 1.5 m/s to 2.5 m/s, according to Streeter. Doing the calculations the velocity will reach a very slow value of 0.014 m/s in the pipe, which is by far lower than the minimum value of 1 m/s. Therefore technically, the reduction of flow rate to reach an acceptable corrosion rate is not a possible solution. In addition, this kind of diminution of the flow rate (577 times lower than the original) would have impacts on the oil well. Specifically, it would not be able to maintain the pressure at the desired level and therefore would have a big impact on oil production leading to money loss. b. Increasing the amount of scavenger Assuming an acceptable corrosion Rate of 0.09 mm/year From the equation below we can reach the concentration of Oxygen that we need to contain in the water in order to have an acceptable corrosion rate Using Sodium sulfate as scavenger the following reaction will proceed: Hence form the stoichiometry of the reaction the relation between the compounds will be 2 moles of Scavenger and 1 mole of Oxygen. Therefore the amount of scavenger Sodium sulfate needed is: => In an injection flow rate of 150,000 bbl/day Based on scavengers calculations we need to provide the system with a high amount of scavenger to reduce the oxygen concentration that gives an acceptable corrosion rate, it is up to 1.3 ton per day, it is nearly 80 times more than amount of scavenger used in normal operation, which is about 17 kg per day. On the economically point of view, if the scavenger will substitute mechanical de-aeration for a month, the need of scavenger will be approximately 40 ton per month. By using the commercial price of scavenger 0.64 USD/kg (https://www.icis.com), it will cost around 832 USD/day and scaling it to a month it will cost nearly 24,960 USD/month. c. Corrosion Inhibitor Corrosion inhibitor compound will reduce the corrosion rate by preventing both anodic and cathodic reactions. Anodic inhibitor will be adsorbed onto metal surface to form protective film and prevent metal dissolution while cathodic inhibitor will minimize O2 reduction reaction by forming non-conducting film on metal surface. And in technical terms it could be the solution of the problem. However, from the calculations, we know that corrosion rate without the mechanical deareation is 22.5 mm/year and the aim is to decrease the corrosion rate below 0.1 mm/year. Based on the corrosion inhibitor risk category that is proposed by Hedges (2000), if the expected uninhibited corrosion rate is graeter than 6 mm/year inhibition is unlikely to provide integrity for the full field life. Therefore corrosion control of the system could not be efficient with a only corrosion inhibitor because of the high requirement of availability. Based on the results of the three possible options, on the economically point of view decreasing the injection flow rate will impact in the production of oil, and decreasing the main product (oil) of the industry it will have terrible effects in the oil company. Therefore in the corrosion engineering point of view the most accurately solution is to increase the amount of scavenger (Na2SO3) in order to reach a corrosion rate of 6 mm/year and then with the addition of corrosion inhibitors the corrosion rate can be reduce to an acceptable value of less than 0.1 mm/year. The dosage of O2 scavenger has to be interrupted for 8 hours per week for the injection of the biocide. During this time if there was not the corrosion inhibitor, the Corrosion rate would be 22.5 mm/yr. but if the Corrosion inhibitor inhibition rate is 98.5% (as from 6mm/yr to 0.09mm/yr), the corrosion rate would be: Therefore the Corrosion rate would be: The Corrosion rate is slightly above the required norm (0.002 mm/yr), but in the worst case scenario, 3 months with no deaerator, due to the fact the Corrosion rate with the mechanical deaerator is 0.0454 mm/yr which is 0.0546 mm/year less than the required standard. So, in a year perspective the slightly more amount of Corrosion will be not significant and the system will work properly. Also, the amount of Na2SO3 needed to reach a CR of 6 mm/year is 905 Kg/day and it will cost around 580 USD/day. Finally, in order to choose the ideal corrosion inhibitor laboratory tests must be performed in the same seawater that will be used. In situ tests would help to assure the quality of the results. Streeter, Victor L. Handbook of fluid mechanics. McGraw-Hill, ed 1 (1961). Hedges, B. (2000) The Corrosion Inhibitor Availability Model, NACE International, Paper 00034. Water system Injection with a mechanical de-aeration process and Oxygen scavenger addition: Considering the water system injection above and the following data we can reach a corrosion rate value in the next steps. Data provided: Pipe Diameter: = 8 inch, therefore the Area A = 50.26 in2 = 0.032429 m2 Volume Flow Rate: = 150000 bbl/d Initial Oxygen Concentration = 7 ppm Concentration of Oxygen After Mechanical De-aeretion = 100 ppb Concentration of Oxygen After Scavenger dosing = 10 ppb Kinematic Viscosity: 1.05 X 10-6 m2/s Schmidt number = 505 Calculation of Re number: Calculation of Sh Number: In turbulent Flow calculation of Diffusion coefficient: From Sh number we can reach the mass transfer coefficient k: Now calculating the limit current density with the following equation: Concentration of Oxygen after mechanical de-aeration and Scavenger dosing = 0.01 ppm Calculating the Corrosion Rate: Assuming the main component of the pipe Iron therefore: n= 2 MFe: 55.84 g/mol à Ã‚ : 7.87 g/cm3 For 8 hours per week, the O2 scavenger dosing is interrupted for biocide to be injected. So, there is an Availability of : => The Corrosion rate at a concentration of 0.1ppm of O2 is: Water system Injection without a mechanical de-aeration process: Calculating the limit current density with the following equation: Concentration of Oxygen only with the addition of Scavenger dosing = 6.910 ppm Calculating the Corrosion Rate: Assuming the main component of the pipe Iron therefore n= 2 M= 55.84 g/mol Density: 7.87 g/cm3 Now we can compare the corrosion rate of each case and determine the implications of operating the system without the mechanical de-aeration. Hence the corrosion rate will increase 502 times without the mechanical de-aeration. Evaluation of the following operational solutions: Decrease the flow rate of water: Assuming an acceptable corrosion Rate of 0.09 mm/year From the equation above we can reach the Current density: With current density we can reach mass transfer coefficient k Now we can reach the new Sh number: With Sh number we can obtain Re number: This value of Reynolds number means that we are in the transition regime between laminar flow and turbulent flow. Now we can reach the flow rate: Increasing the amount of scavenger: Assuming an acceptable corrosion Rate of 0.09 mm/year From the equation above we can reach the Current density: From the equation below we can reach the concentration of Oxygen that we need to contain in the water in order to have an acceptable corrosion rate Using Sodium sulfate as scavenger the following reaction will proceed: Hence form the stoichiometry of the reaction the relation between the compounds will be 2 moles of Scavenger and 1 mole of Oxygen. Therefore the amount of scavenger Sodium sulfate needed is: Hence we need: In an injection flow rate of 150000 barrels per day

We’Re Not Jews

We’re not Jews Settings The story takes place in the late 50’s where the foreigners begin to settle in the UK. The World War 2 has ended for not long ago, where the Jews where undermined of the Nazis people. The society has not accepted the foreigners (fernas) yet. Because it’s about the 50’s where the immigrant comes to British, because of the working capacity. And they don’t really know the immigrants and therefore they have a lot of prejudices about them.There is much racism among the British people about the immigrants. And it is still today. Features of the post-modern society We see the reflect of the post-modern society, when the Mother and Azhar are sitting in the bus and being bullied by Big billy and little billy. The people, who are sitting in the bus, are not even reacting on the Billy’s behaviour, they are totally ignoring them and pretending nothing is happening. That’s how people mostly are in the post-modern society the y keeps to themselves.Another feature of the post-modern society is Azhar who has grown up in an interracial marriage which puts him in a situation, where he has problems with finding his identity in the British society. On the other hand, is his mother pushing him to be more British, by reading many books, being the best reader in class. Azhar who as many immigrants and people in the world has difficulties with finding their identity in the society. Azhar Because of the negative experience Azhar has with these English people around him, he is feeling more warmth for his family at home.But on the other hand he does not want to disappoint his mother who is pressing him so much for being more British. We see that on the last page in the ending where Azhar is sitting with his family and laughing even though he don’t understand what they family are saying, but he is still felling that he belongs mostly to the Pakistani family. We do not hear about Azhar, enjoying childlike activi ties, playing games, or Having fun expect at the end, where he laughs with the men in his family. He does not show any sign of humor.

Social Media and Freedom of Speech

Survey This survey is designed to authenticate for the designation of an industrial psychologist. It will just take 3-5 minutes. You are free to leave it at any time. Name: ________________________ Gender: * Male * Female Age: ______ Education: * Under Graduate * Post Graduate * Graduate Q1. What is your Qualification? _________________________________________________ Q2. Do you think you’re well qualified? * Yes * No Q3. What made you want to pursue a career in Industrial Psychology? ______________________________________________________________________________Q4. What are your goals and future plans as an Industrial Psychologist? ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Q5. How do you judge people by their history appearance or some other things? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________ ________________________________________ PROBLEM SOLVING: Q6. What common workers anxieties are you aware of? Unrealistic or excessive worry * Sleep Disturbance * Jitteriness * Fatigue * Other (Please Specify in the provided area below). ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Q7. What will you do if such a situation occurs? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Q8.If a worker or an employee asks help regarding anything will you help them as well as keep things secret? ___________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ Q9. If a worker is stressed out or have any mental problem how will you treat him? ___________________________________________________ _______________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ COMMON SITUATIONS: Q10.Will you hang out with a famous football player or a fundraiser? * Football player * Fundraiser Q11. Will you hang out with 10 years old boy or a solider? * 10 years old boy * Solider Q12. Will you hang out with a rapper or an Islamic member of the UK Muslim Organization? * Rapper and songwriter. * Islamic member of the British Islamic community. Q13. Will you hang out with a world class bowler or a person with physical defect? * World class bowler * Person with physical defect in arms FOR FURTHER INFORMATION YOU MAY CONTACT RESEARCHER

The Current Incidents Of Poor Leadership Within The Health...

This essay aims to define and analyse the leadership within the context of the NHS and specifically in the nursing profession. Further, this assignment will highlight some of the current incidents of poor leadership within the Health service. It will then briefly discuss some of the leadership theories whilst exploring my own leadership style along with rationale. SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats) analysis will be conducted to identify my leadership potential, which will be included in the Appendix1. Additionally, this essay will reflect the scenario from practice where I have demonstrated my â€Å"strengths† and â€Å"weakness†. Lastly, this essay will develop SMART goal plan to address my weakness and then the conclusion will be drawn summarising the key points within the essay. Leadership has been defined in a number of ways, but the concept is still indefinable (Barr and Dowding 2016). Buchanan and Huczynski (2010, p. 596) defined the leadership as â€Å"a process of influencing the activities of an organised group in its efforts towards goal-setting and goal achievement†. Leadership in clinical practice described by Kelly-Hiedenthal (2004) as a direct involvement in clinical care while constantly influencing others to improve the care they provide. Moreover, Sulivan and Garland (2013) defined leader is anyone who uses their interpersonal skill to influence others to achieve a specific goal. Like any other industries and organisation, an effective leadership skill isShow MoreRelatedLeadership Theories Of The Nhs Leadership Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on the personal SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats) analysis, to examine my leadership potential. It will define leadership within context of the NHS leadership as well as highlight some of the current incidents relate to poor leadership. Additionally, it will briefly discuss some of the relevant leadership theories that can be applied to nursing practice whilst exploring my own leadership style. Lastly, this essay will reflect the scenario from practice to support my â€Å"strengths†Read MoreMy Strengths, Weaknesses, Threats And Opportunities ( Swot ) Essay1542 Words   |  7 Pagesorder to examine my leadership skills. Leadership is one of the essential component in nursing since all nurses are expected to demonstrate effective leadership skills to ensure patient’s well-being is prot ected and improve their experiences while receiving the care (Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2015). Firstly, leadership will be defined within the context of the NHS and particularly nursing. Furthermore, some of the current health issues and challenges faced by health care practice that areRead MoreRisk Management Process Is Risk1436 Words   |  6 Pagesdisease for patients, staffs, and others as result of services provided; to improve patient outcomes; to manage resources effectively; and to support legislative compliance and to ensure organizational viability and development. In order to achieve these goals, risk management teams should follow the four steps process of risk management. The first step is risk identifications. Risk identification involves the collection of information about current and past patient are occurrences and other eventsRead MoreEvaluation Of Care From The Health Care Professionals1663 Words   |  7 Pages Every health professional has a duty of care to patients. Specifically, it is nurses who play an important role in the quality and safe delivery of patient care. They have the major responsibility for the implementation of policies and procedures in an organisation. Thus, it is essential that all organisations support their staff from all levels of care to deliver the best service in every patient. In addition, every organization is required to offer unwavering encouragement and resources to supportRead More492 risk management paper draft 21314 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Risk Management Paper Edgard Delos Santos 492/ NUR Senior Practicum: Leadership and Management January 26, 2015 Professor Kathy Smith I interviewed James Alviar RN, the Coordinator of Risk Management at my current place of employment the Queens Medical Center West Oahu. I asked him if there were any current risk management issues at our facility that we could discuss, but he said all current issues were confidential and he could not divulge any information to me. Instead, James pointedRead MoreQuality And Safe Delivery Of Patient Care1652 Words   |  7 Pages Every health professional has a duty of care to patients. Specifically, it is nurses who play an important role in quality and safe delivery of patient care. They have the major responsibility for the implementation of policies and procedures in an organisation. Thus, it is essential that all organisations support their staff from all levels of care to deliver the best service in every patient. In addition, every organization is required to offer unwavering encouragement and resources to supportRead MoreDeveloping An Alternative Punishment For Adolescents1345 Words   |  6 Pagesconsidered as a positive opportunity for the treating adolescent, society, community and the criminal justice field. Ethics helps management differentiate what is considered right or wrong within the management and the process implemented for the treating adolescents. There are many branches considered within the study of ethics. Metaethics can be considered as the language, methods, logic structure, or re asoning when interpretation ethic terms. Identifying or classifying the behavior or standardsRead MoreNew York And High Prevalence Of Tb1662 Words   |  7 PagesCURRENT POLICY In 1990s, a policy was engineered in New York and the high prevalence of TB (similar to London) was managed and controlled. In 2004, the Department of Health launched a report adopting those action plans, aiming to bring TB under control, based on the following ten points, (Davies, P. (2005)) o Population awareness/education o High quality surveillance o High quality laboratory services o Excellence in clinical care o Expert health care work force o Well organized patient servicesRead More Advancing Patient Safety Essay1350 Words   |  6 Pagessafety in the health care industry reveals a multitude of challenges facing providers and patients alike. A new commitment to providing safe, quality health care to patients is a critical part of reforming the U.S. health care system. But to be effective, a new health care discipline (i.e. Patient Safety), needed to be established that would emphasize the reporting, analysis, and prevention of medical errors that lead to adverse health care events. In analyzing this growing health care issue, I foundRead MoreManaging An Individual s Professional Career1541 Words   |  7 Pagesstress is considered a major issue if it is not effectively managed. Therefore, within the social work profession, it is important that there are effective stress management interventions (SMI) in place for the employees to feel supported during their time of need. Within this paper, key points will be discussed to show why it is important to implement effective SMI. Key points will focus on the consequences of stress, current studies on two types of SMI, and the benefits of implementing SMI to reduce